What is Endometrial Cancer and Its Symptoms

Endometrial cancer affects the lining of your uterus, known as the endometrium. It is one of the most common gynecological cancers worldwide. In 2018, over 382,000 new cases were diagnosed globally, with 90,000 deaths reported. The number of cases continues to rise, especially in developed countries. Early detection significantly improves survival rates. For localized cases, the five-year survival rate reaches 95%, while distant-stage cases drop to just 18%. Recognizing symptoms early can make a life-saving difference.

Key Takeaways

• Unusual bleeding from the vagina is the main sign of endometrial cancer. See a doctor if this happens.

• Keeping a healthy weight and exercising often can lower your chances of getting endometrial cancer.

• Taking birth control pills with a doctor’s advice can cut your risk of endometrial cancer by about 30%.

• Going to the gynecologist regularly helps find problems early. Tell your doctor right away if you notice anything strange.

• Knowing your risks, like being overweight or having family members with cancer, can help you stay healthy.

Symptoms of Endometrial Cancer

Common Symptoms

Abnormal vaginal bleeding

Abnormal vaginal bleeding is the most common symptom of endometrial cancer. About 90% of women with this condition experience changes in their menstrual cycles, bleeding between periods, or postmenopausal bleeding. If you notice any unusual bleeding patterns, it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider promptly.

Pelvic pain or pressure

You might feel persistent pain or pressure in your pelvic area. This discomfort can range from mild to severe and may worsen over time.

Unusual vaginal discharge

Non-bloody vaginal discharge can also signal endometrial cancer. Even if the discharge appears clear or white, it’s worth discussing with your doctor.

Pain during intercourse

Pain during sexual activity is another symptom you should not ignore. It could indicate changes in the uterus or surrounding tissues.

Difficulty urinating

Some women experience trouble urinating, including pain or a frequent urge to go. This symptom often occurs when the cancer affects nearby organs.

Symptoms in Premenopausal Women

Irregular or heavy menstrual bleeding

If you’re premenopausal, irregular or heavy periods might be a warning sign. These changes often occur without any clear cause, such as hormonal contraceptives.

Bleeding between periods

Bleeding between your regular menstrual cycles is another symptom to watch for. It’s important to track your cycle and report any irregularities to your doctor.

Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women

Vaginal bleeding after menopause

Vaginal bleeding after menopause is a significant red flag. Approximately 9% of postmenopausal women with this symptom are diagnosed with endometrial cancer. The rate varies by region, with 5% in North America and 13% in Western Europe.

Persistent pelvic discomfort

Persistent pelvic discomfort, including pain or pressure, is another symptom you might experience. This discomfort often signals advanced stages of the disease.

Risk Factors for Endometrial Cancer

Hormonal Factors

High estrogen levels

Your hormone balance plays a significant role in the development of endometrial cancer. Estrogen levels, in particular, can increase your risk. Before menopause, your ovaries produce both estrogen and progesterone. A shift toward higher estrogen levels raises the likelihood of cancer. After menopause, fat tissue continues to produce estrogen, which becomes a more dominant factor.

Some factors that elevate estrogen levels include:

• Being overweight or obese, as fat tissue converts androgens into estrogen.

• Using estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy (HRT) without progesterone. This therapy increases cancer risk in women with a uterus.

• Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which cause higher estrogen and lower progesterone levels.

Hormone replacement therapy without progesterone

If you use HRT after menopause, it’s essential to include progesterone. Estrogen-only therapy has been linked to a higher risk of endometrial cancer, especially with prolonged use. Combination therapy (estrogen with progesterone) does not carry the same risk.

Medical Conditions

Obesity

Obesity significantly increases your risk of endometrial cancer. Fat tissue produces estrogen, which can lead to hormonal imbalances. Studies show that overweight women are twice as likely to develop this cancer, while obese women face more than three times the risk.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

PCOS is another condition that raises your risk. It disrupts your hormone levels, leading to higher estrogen and lower progesterone. Research has shown a clear link between PCOS and endometrial cancer.

Diabetes

If you have diabetes, your risk of developing endometrial cancer may also increase. This connection is likely due to the hormonal and metabolic changes associated with the condition.

Family History and Genetics

Family history of endometrial or colorectal cancer

A family history of endometrial or colorectal cancer can increase your risk. If close relatives have had these cancers, you should discuss your risk factors with a healthcare provider.

Genetic conditions like Lynch syndrome

Lynch syndrome, a hereditary condition, is strongly associated with endometrial cancer. Women with this syndrome face a 40–60% lifetime risk of developing the disease. Genetic testing can help identify this risk early.

Lifestyle Factors

Sedentary lifestyle

A sedentary lifestyle can significantly increase your risk of developing endometrial cancer. Physical inactivity often leads to weight gain, which raises estrogen levels in your body. This hormonal imbalance plays a key role in the development of this cancer. Women with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9 are twice as likely to develop endometrial cancer compared to those with a healthy BMI. For women with a BMI over 30, the risk more than triples.

Staying active helps you maintain a healthy weight and reduces your risk. Regular physical activity also improves your overall health by regulating hormones and reducing inflammation. You don’t need to engage in intense workouts to see benefits. Simple activities like walking, gardening, or yoga can make a difference.

Tip: Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week. This small change can have a big impact on your health.

Diet high in fat

A diet high in fat not only contributes to weight gain but also directly influences the development of endometrial cancer. Research shows that high-fat diets promote cancer growth by affecting the estrogen signaling pathway. This type of diet increases the expression of certain genes, such as ITGA4 and TWIST1, which are linked to cancer progression. It also raises the levels of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in tumor tissues, further accelerating tumor growth.

Switching to a low-fat diet can help lower your risk. Focus on eating more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. These foods not only support a healthy weight but also provide essential nutrients that protect against cancer.

Note: A balanced diet combined with regular exercise creates a powerful defense against endometrial cancer.

Diagnosing Endometrial Cancer

Initial Evaluation

Medical history and physical exam

Your doctor will begin by asking about your symptoms, medical history, and any risk factors. This step helps identify potential causes of abnormal bleeding or other symptoms. A pelvic exam will follow to check for abnormalities in your uterus, ovaries, or other pelvic organs.

Tip: If you experience heavy bleeding, your doctor may also order blood tests to check for anemia or clotting issues.

Pelvic exam

During the pelvic exam, your gynecologist will assess the size, shape, and condition of your uterus and surrounding tissues. This exam helps rule out other potential causes of your symptoms, such as fibroids or infections.

Diagnostic Tests

Transvaginal ultrasound

A transvaginal ultrasound is often the first imaging test used to evaluate endometrial cancer. This test uses sound waves to create detailed images of your uterus. It is especially effective for postmenopausal women with abnormal bleeding. If the endometrial lining appears thicker than 4 mm, further testing may be necessary.

• This test has a sensitivity of 96%, making it highly reliable for detecting abnormalities.

• It is not recommended for screening asymptomatic women without bleeding.

Endometrial biopsy

An endometrial biopsy involves removing a small tissue sample from the uterine lining. This test is the most commonly used method for diagnosing endometrial cancer. It is particularly accurate for postmenopausal women. If the biopsy results are inconclusive, your doctor may recommend a dilation and curettage (D&C) procedure for further evaluation.

Hysteroscopy

Hysteroscopy allows your doctor to directly view the inside of your uterus using a thin, lighted tube. This procedure can be combined with a biopsy or D&C to improve diagnostic accuracy. Hysteroscopy has a sensitivity of 99.2%, making it one of the most precise tools for detecting endometrial cancer.

Advanced Diagnostic Methods

Imaging tests like CT or MRI

Advanced imaging tests help determine the extent of cancer and whether it has spread.

MRI scans are particularly effective for evaluating the depth of tumor invasion in the uterus. PET scans, on the other hand, use radioactive glucose to detect cancer cells in distant areas.

Blood tests for cancer markers

Blood tests may be used to measure specific markers associated with cancer. These tests can help monitor treatment progress or detect recurrence. However, they are not typically used for initial diagnosis.

Note: Advanced diagnostic methods play a crucial role in staging cancer and planning treatment.

Preventing Endometrial Cancer

Lifestyle Changes

Maintaining a healthy weight

Maintaining a healthy weight plays a crucial role in reducing your risk of endometrial cancer. Obesity is a significant risk factor, as it leads to hormonal changes that increase estrogen levels. Women with a BMI between 25 and 29.9 are twice as likely to develop this cancer, while those with a BMI over 30 face more than three times the risk. A meta-analysis of 12 studies revealed that up to 47% of endometrial cancer cases in Europe could be linked to overweight and obesity.

To lower your risk, focus on gradual and sustainable weight loss. Avoid weight cycling, as repeated weight gain and loss can also increase your risk after menopause.

Regular physical activity

Staying active is another effective way to prevent endometrial cancer. Regular exercise helps you maintain a healthy weight and reduces inflammation, which can contribute to cancer development. Studies show that increased physical activity can lower your risk by 38% to 46%.

You don’t need to engage in intense workouts. Simple activities like walking, swimming, or yoga can make a big difference. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week.

Tip: Combine physical activity with a balanced diet to maximize your health benefits.

Medical Interventions

Using birth control pills (under medical advice)

Birth control pills offer a protective effect against endometrial cancer. Women who use oral contraceptives have at least a 30% lower risk compared to those who never use them. The longer you use them, the greater the reduction in risk. This protective effect can last for over 10 years after you stop taking the pills.

Managing conditions like PCOS or diabetes

If you have conditions like PCOS or diabetes, managing them effectively can reduce your risk. These conditions often lead to hormonal imbalances that increase estrogen levels. Work with your doctor to develop a treatment plan that includes lifestyle changes and, if necessary, medication.

Importance of Regular Checkups

Routine gynecological exams

Regular gynecological exams are essential for early detection of endometrial cancer. These checkups can help identify symptoms like abnormal vaginal bleeding, which is often the first sign of the disease. The American Cancer Society recommends that women at menopause discuss the risks and symptoms of endometrial cancer with their healthcare provider.

Reporting unusual symptoms early

Pay attention to your body and report any unusual symptoms, such as abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, or unexplained weight loss. Early detection significantly improves treatment success rates.

Note: Early action can save lives. Don’t hesitate to consult your doctor if something feels off.

Endometrial cancer is a serious condition, but early detection can improve outcomes significantly. Recognizing symptoms like abnormal vaginal bleeding and seeking medical care promptly increases the chances of successful treatment. You can reduce your risk by adopting prevention strategies:

• Use birth control pills under medical guidance.

• Stay physically active to lower your risk by up to 46%.

• Maintain a balanced diet to avoid obesity-related risks.

Tip: Regular checkups and reporting unusual symptoms early can save lives. Take charge of your health today.

FAQ

What is the most common symptom of endometrial cancer?

Abnormal vaginal bleeding is the most common symptom. You might notice bleeding between periods, unusually heavy periods, or bleeding after menopause. If you experience any of these, consult your doctor immediately.

Can endometrial cancer occur in younger women?

Yes, although it’s more common in postmenopausal women, younger women can develop it too. Risk factors like obesity, PCOS, or a family history of cancer increase the likelihood.

How is endometrial cancer treated?

Treatment often includes surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy). Depending on the stage, you might also need radiation, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy. Your doctor will recommend the best approach for you.

Is endometrial cancer preventable?

You can reduce your risk by maintaining a healthy weight, staying active, and managing conditions like diabetes or PCOS. Regular gynecological checkups and reporting unusual symptoms early also help with prevention.

Should I worry about postmenopausal bleeding?

Yes, postmenopausal bleeding is a red flag. Around 9% of women with this symptom are diagnosed with endometrial cancer. Always report any bleeding after menopause to your healthcare provider.

Tip: Early detection saves lives. Pay attention to your body and seek medical advice if something feels off.

See Also

Understanding Cervical Cancer: Key Symptoms to Watch For

Exploring Carcinoid Syndrome: Symptoms You Should Know

Identifying Breast Cancer: Symptoms and Their Causes Explained

Bladder Cancer: Recognizing Symptoms and Understanding Causes

Colon Cancer Awareness: Symptoms and Causes You Must Know